FIRE DEPARTMENT

Brookings Fire Department
Darrell Hartmann, Fire Chief
607 20th Avenue
Brookings, SD 57006
605-692-6323 Phone
605-697-8353 Fax
dhartmann@cityofbrookings.org
General Questions
brookingsfd@cityofbrookings.org

What is Fire?

Fire is the rapid oxidation of a substance often with the evolution of heat and light in varying degrees of intensities.

Often a misconception is fire burns the actual chair or piece of wood. It is the gasses given off by an object that burns. Heat causes objects to give off these flammable gasses. When the gasses reach their ignition temperature you see the light given off during the oxidation known as fire. Fire itself generates more heat to the object and thus an endless cycle begins until all of the gasses have been exhausted from an object. Then the remaining particles or ash are what is left.

Take a look at the flame on the candle. You can see the wick is burning. But again, it is not really the wick burning. Notice that there is no flame in the immediate area surrounding the wick. A cross-sectional view would show this better. The gasses around the wick are in too much concentration to allow them to ignite. In other words, there is not enough oxygen to support combustion. As the gasses spread away from the wick, they ignite due to the already present heat being generated by the fire.

To better understand the properties of fire we can examine extinguishment techniques. The triangle image above is known to fire fighters as the fire tetrahedron. It is very similar to the fire triangle which does not represent the chemical chain reaction. The fire tetrahedron is based on the components of extinguishing a fire. Each component represents a property of flaming fire; fuel, oxygen, heat, and chemical chain reaction. Extinguishment is based upon removing or hindering any one of these properties. The most common property to be removed is heat. Heat is commonly eliminated by using water. Water is used because it absorbs heat extremely well and is cost efficient.

During fire operations, you may see objects being placed outside a structure. Though this is commonly referred to as salvage operations, it also acts to remove any fuel from the fire. Without the objects exposed to heat, there can be no flammable gasses given off to burn. The third property, Oxygen, is usually the hardest to remove. Oxygen removal is accomplished when a Carbon Dioxide extinguisher is used on a fire. More extreme cases may be to use explosives on a fire. The explosion will use up the oxygen in the immediate area. Finally, the last property is the chemical chain reaction. This can be considered the reaction of the reducing agent (fuel) with the oxidizing agent (oxygen). An example of an extinguishment method by hindering the chemical chain reaction is Halon extinguishers.

In complete combustion the only chemical products given off are Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

Common Fire Definitions

Backdraft
The beginning of a backdraft occurs from a fire in a structure being deprived of necessary oxygen. The fire smolders giving off unburned carbon particles and other flammable products. Then, suddenly the smoldering fire is given a sudden influx of oxygen causing combustion to restart possibly at devastating speeds consistent with an explosion.

Fire Point
The temperature at which a liquid fuel will produce sufficient vapors to support continuous combustion once ignited.

Flash Over
Flash over occurs due to the heat buildup from a fire when the gasses reach their ignition temperature and flames flash over the entire surface of a room or area.

Flash Point
The minimum temperature at which a liquid fuel gives off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the surface. At this temperature, the ignited vapors will flash but will not continue to burn.

Ignition Temperature
The minimum temperature to which a fuel in air must be heated to start self sustained combustion without a separate ignition source.

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